UMass Extension Landscape Message #21
August 21, 2008

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Quick Info Menu ------------------------------- SCOUTING INFORMATION REGIONAL NOTES - Cape Cod - Southeast - East - Metro West Waltham - Metro West Hopkinton - Central - Pioneer Valley - Berkshire ENVIRONMENTAL DATA PHENOLOGY WOODY ORNAMENTALS - Insects - Diseases - Weeds LANDSCAPE TURF INFO RESOURCES DIAGNOSTIC SERVICES Use this menu to instantly jump to any portion of the message!

The LANDSCAPE MESSAGE is an educational newsletter intended to guide landscape, nursery and urban forestry professionals in identifying pests in the landscape, monitoring their development, planning management strategies and creating site-specific records for future management reference. UMass Extension has updated this issue to provide timely pest management information and the latest regional news and environmental data throughout Massachusetts. During the months of July, August, and September this newsletter will be updated bi-weekly. The next update will be available on September 4, 2008. Missed a previous message? Visit the Landscape Message Archive. Interested in additional turf-oriented content? UMass Extension Turf Program Management Updates

SCOUTING INFORMATION BY REGION

REGIONAL NOTES -

Cape Cod Region (Barnstable) – General Conditions: Warm and humid days have produced many pop-up thunderstorms over the past two weeks, some of which have been quite strong.  Morning dew has been heavy, keeping foliage and turf wet enough for fungal problems to develop.  Crabgrass is blooming along with late summer perennials. Pests/Problems:  Leaf spots, blights, and powdery mildews are the major problems this growing season. Giant tar spot is defoliating Norway maple; Guignardia has blasted the leaves of horsechestnut; powdery mildew is on anything that is susceptible; twig blights and cankers with gels at the site have been observed on flowering cherry; black spot is defoliating susceptible roses; early blight is shortening the harvest season of tomatoes in home gardens; bacterial blight is common on geranium, mushrooms are popping up in lawns, deer browsing has defoliated Hosta at Heritage Museum and Gardens; and dollar spot has been observed on turf.  Biting flies and mosquitoes make working outdoors uncomfortable.  Be sure to wear repellant, as West Nile virus has been found in mosquitoes and birds on the Cape.

Southeast Region (Hanson) – General Conditions: Hanson received 3.65 inches of rain over the past two weeks, mainly from quick moving thunder storms.  Soils are moist.  Clethra alnifolia, Clerodendron trichotomum, Rhus copallina, Albizia julibrissin, Hydrangea macrophylla, Hydrangea arborescens, Hydrangea paniculata, Hydrangea quercifolia (Oakleaf hydrangea), butterflybush, Rudbeckia 'Herbstonne', Liatris, Platycodon, Perovskia, Veronicastrum, hollyhocks, Joe-pye-weed, Rudbeckia trilobum, Rudbeckia 'Goldsturm', Echinacea purpurea, Corydalis lutea, Nepeta, Heliopsis 'Summer Sun', Monarda didyma, Hosta plantaginea, Hibiscus 'Copper King,' and other hybrid hibiscus, Coreopsis, Campanula sp., Lobelia cardinalis, Lobelia syphilitica, Lobelia hybrids, and Phlox paniculata are in full bloom.  Goldenrod and ragweed are also in bloom.  Pollen from ragweed may cause allergies in some people, but goldenrod is often mistakenly blamed.  Viburnum trilobum fruit is starting to turn color (gold/red).  Lysimachia clethroides is ending bloom.  Pests/Problems:  Asiatic beetles are still active but are winding down.  Oriental beetles and Japanese beetles appear to be done for the year.  Fall webworm, earwigs, dogwood twig borer, Rhododendron borer, lily leaf beetle, wasps, slugs, sharpshooter leafhopper, snails, ticks, biting flies, katydids, cicada killing wasps, and mosquitoes are all active.   Reports have been in the news of West Nile virus being found in most areas of Massachusetts.  Beneficial insects are active.  Black spot is common on susceptible roses.  Giant tar spot is showing up on Norway maple.  Anthracnose is showing up on a number of plants including dogwood.  Powdery mildew continues to persist on a wide variety of plants including oak, lilac, dogwood, and garden phlox.  Slime molds are showing up on bark mulch.  Crabgrass is prevalent.  Rabbits, woodchucks, and deer continue to browse.

East Region (Boston) – General Conditions: Purple loostrife is in full bloom, and the sites where Galerucella beetles have been released for biocontrol are reporting great success in reducing it.

Metro West (Waltham) – General Conditions: We continue to get rain which is keeping the soil moist and the grass green.  Pests/Problems:  Fall webworm has become more noticeable.

Metro West (Hopkinton) – General Conditions: Almost daily showers or thundershowers.  Lawns are lush and green.  Pests/Problems:  Slugs and powdery mildew are prevalent in perennial gardens.

Central Region (Boylston) – General Conditions: No conditions report this week. See Environmental Data and Phenology below.

Pioneer Valley Region (Amherst) - General Conditions: The last five to six days have been a bit drier, but for the two-week period, there continued to be very abundant rainfall.  While the lawns continue to thrive, vegetable and flower gardens are dealing with root rot, leaf spots, and stem blight.  Pests/Problems:  Mosquitoes and flies continue to be plentiful.  Leaf spot and shoot blight diseases are ending their infection process with extensive spotting, yellowing, browning, and early leaf loss on plants in vegetable and flower gardens as well as scattered trees and shrubs.

Berkshire Region (Great Barrington) - General Conditions: There has been measurable rain on 18 of the past 19 days.  Needless to say, soil moisture levels are very good, and landscapes look remarkably well for this time of year.  Nights have been cool, and that has delayed normal senescence for many ornamental plants.  Growth of turf grass has continued unabated this summer.  Pests/Problems:  Most problems are related to moist conditions - many foliar diseases, including powdery mildew.  Insect problems are few, though population of Japanese beetles was very high this summer but now is in decline.  Viburnum leaf beetle has become one of the major pest problems in the Berkshires.

ENVIRONMENTAL DATA -

The following growing-degree-day (GDD) and precipitation data was collected for a two-week period, August 6, 2008 through August 19, 2008.  Soil temperature and phenological indicators were observed on August 19, 2008.  Accumulated GDDs represent the heating units above a 50° F baseline temperature collected via our instruments from the beginning of the current calendar year.  This information is intended for use as a guide for monitoring the developmental stages of pests in your location and planning management strategies accordingly.

PHENOLOGY -

The phenological indicators are a visual tool for correlating plant development with pest development. The following are the indicator plants and the stages of bloom observed for this period:

Indicator Plants - Stages of Flowering (begin, b/full, full, f/end, end)
PLANT NAME (Botanic/Common)	CAPE	SOUTH EAST	EAST	METRO W.		CENT.	P.V.	BERK.
				Waltham	Hopkinton
Polygonum cuspidatum (Japanese Knotweed)	begin	*	begin	*	*	*	*	*
Clematis paniculata (Sweet Autumn Clematis)	*	*	begin	*	*	*	*	*
Vitex agnus-castus (Chaste Tree)	full	*	full	*	*	*	*	*
Hydrangea paniculata (Panicle Hydrangea)	full	full	full	full	full	full	full	full
Hybiscus syriacus (Rose of Sharon)	full	full	full	full	full	full	full	full
Sophora japonica (Japanese Pagodatree)	full	*	full	*	*	*	f/end	*
Clethra alnifolia (Sweet Pepperbush)	full	full	full	*	end	full	*	full
Lythrum salicaria (Loosestrife)	f/end	f/end	begin	full	end	full	full	full
Campsis radicans (Trumpetcreeper)	f/end	f/end	full	f/end	*	*	f/end	f/end
Oxydendron arboreum (Sourwood)	end	*	begin	*	end	end	end	*
* = no activity to report/information not available

CAPE COD REGION - Roberta Clark, Horticulturist for Barnstable County, Barnstable.

SOUTHEAST REGION - Deborah Swanson, Horticulturist for UMass Extension in Plymouth County, Hanson.

EAST REGION - James R. Allen, Horticulturist and Greenhouse Manager for UMass Biology Department, Boston.

METRO WEST REGION – James Martin, Consulting Arborist, reporting from the UMass Extension Center, Waltham.

METRO WEST REGION – Mark Sawyer, Horticulturist, Weston Nurseries, Hopkinton.

CENTRAL REGION - Joann Vieira, Superintendent of Horticulture, Tower Hill Botanic Garden, Boylston.

PIONEER VALLEY - Dan Gillman, Plant Pathologist, UMass Extension Plant Diagnostic Lab, UMass, Amherst.

BERKSHIRES - Ron Kujawski, Specialist, UMass Extension Landscape, Nursery & Urban Forestry Program, Amherst.

WOODY ORNAMENTALS

INSECTS -

Lepidopteran Caterpillars:

• Hibiscus or Rose of Sharon Caterpillar (Anomis commoda) is active.  These cryptically-colored caterpillars usually rest on the stems of hibiscus (Rose-of-Sharon, in particular) and writhe wildly when disturbed or handled.  Their feeding usually results in nothing but the main veins being left, but often they consume those as well.  Inspect for defoliation and then inspect very closely for the dull-colored caterpillars lying on the stems; they are difficult to see.  If occurring in large numbers, this pest is capable of creating complete defoliation.  Treat with a spinosad product.
  
  
• Fall Webworm webs are extremely noticeable now.  This caterpillar feeds within large groups by tying foliage together and feeding from within the web.  Silken webs begin at the tips of branches and get extended downwards toward the trunk.  This pest causes little harm to the health of the tree, but the presence of the webs can be very unsightly.  Potential host plants include a rather wide deciduous plant range.  Management can be challenging given that the caterpillars are somewhat protected from contact sprays by the silken web. 
  
  
• Mimosa Webworm damage is obvious now.  The tied and skeletonized foliage is turning brown.  Eventually, this caterpillar can tie and skeletonize much of a tree’s leaves, which remain intact but die and turn brown.  By mid to late August, affected honeylocusts can have all of their foliage killed by this pest.  Damage usually begins at the branch tips.  Inspect for tied and skeletonized leaves.  Sprays that contain spinosad are effective.
  
  
• Juniper Webworm − This caterpillar is more common in eastern MA than in other parts of the state.  Inspect for browning foliage on junipers and the presence of foliage tied with silk.  Treat young larvae with a Bacillus thuringiensis Kurstaki (B.t.K.) product or with a product that contains spinosad.
  
  
• Oak Skeletonizer − This tiny yellow caterpillar can often be seen hanging by nearly invisible threads from the host tree (primarily red and black oaks).  They feed by scraping away tiny patches of the epidermis on the leaves.  When occurring in large numbers, individual leaves will have dozens of tiny ‘window-paning’ injuries.  Even in high densities, this is rarely a problem.  Controls consist of pyrethroids or a spinosad product, if necessary. 
  

Hymenoptera Sawfly (Caterpillar) Larvae:

• Red-Headed Pine Sawfly remains active.  This species has a rust-colored head capsule and a yellow body with black spots.  (See Imported Pine Sawfly above for monitoring and management techniques.)
  

Beetles:

• Japanese Beetle remains active.  Favored host plants now display significant feeding injury in the form of a “window-paning” effect” where the foliage is heavily skeletonized.  Such foliage will turn completely brown.  Adult beetles will need to be treated with a chemical insecticide, such as a pyrethroid, in order to protect plants.  New beetles continue to emerge every day, but the numbers are waning.  Continue to monitor for the buildup of unacceptable numbers of this serious defoliator.
  
  
• Imported Willow Leaf Beetle remains active.  The adult beetle is rather small, rounded, and metallic green/blue in color.  The adult beetles will chew holes into the foliage, but it is the small black-colored larvae that create most of the injury.  Larvae will line up together on the foliage and scrape the upper layers.  This action causes the still-intact leaf to eventually die and turn brown.  This pest has multiple generations per year, and its damage can become severe by August when virtually all of the foliage on a willow will appear bronze in color, as if fire-swept.  All willows are susceptible.  Treating the adult beetle requires a pyrethroid insecticide while a product that contains spinosad works well for the larvae. 
  

Piercing-Sucking Pests:

• The Red-Banded Leafhopper (a.k.a. Sharpshooter Leafhopper)continues to feed and reproduce.  This pale green leafhopper with two chevron-shaped stripes on its back is attracted to rhododendrons that continue to produce new foliage through July and August.  The egg-laying in the new leaf tissue causes the leaves to become stunted and distorted.  It is purely an aesthetic pest, but it can be an important pest, especially in the nursery.  Visually monitor for this insect by gently shaking foliage to dislodge the leafhoppers, which will fly up and then land again nearby.  When found in large numbers this pest should be treated.
  
  
• Lacebugs remain very active.  These serious pests always feed from the underside of the foliage, but they create the fine, yellow stippling feeding injury on the upper surface of the leaves.  Look at the bottom leaf surface of such affected leaves for the telltale signs of the brown fecal spots and the lacebugs themselves.  Inspect common host plants for this pest for last year’s damage.  Common hosts are Japanese andromeda, evergreen azaleas, rhododendron, cotoneaster, and hawthorn.  Systemic imidacloprid appears to be quite effective for managing this pest.  Also, horticultural oil sprays or insecticidal soap sprays that are targeted to the foliage underside is also effective for the small nymphs.  Susceptible plants growing in sunny areas will experience more damage given that heat greatly encourages lacebug populations. 
  
  
• Taxus Mealybug remains active.  Move the foliage of taxus back and inspect the inner branches and smaller stems for white, cottony masses.  This insect produces honeydew, which leads to the  unsightly buildup of sooty molds.  Also, large populations can cause stunting and chlorosis of the foliage.  Treat with a systemic imidacloprid product, or spray the inner branches and stems with either a horticultural oil spray or one of the registered pyrethroid insecticides.
  
  
• Spider Mites - Inspect spruce, hemlock, fir, and others for the signs of feeding damage by these tiny but very prolific and potentially damaging pests.  Inspect very closely for the active mites, which will require a good hand lens or microscope.  Inspect many different deciduous host plants for the signs of Warm-Season mites, such as the two-spotted mite.  This pest favors the hot and dry times of summer, and their numbers can increase exponentially and quickly during such times. If found, treat with an oil spray or with one of the new mite growth regulators.  Monitor for the actual mites by shaking a branch over a piece of white paper and then inspecting with a hand lens for the mobile mites.
  
  
• Hemlock Woolly Adelgid - This pest remains dormant, but it can still be managed even in this stage.  A horticultural oil spray (at the summer rate), systemic imidacloprid, or systemic dinotefuran (Safari™) are all effective against this very serious pest. Note: Safari™ is a State Restricted Use pesticide in Massachusetts. (See Elongate Hemlock Scale, which appears next.)
  
  
• Elongate Hemlock Scale (aka Fiorinia Scale) − Inspect hemlocks closely for this pest.  If the plant appears weakened or sickly and has hemlock woolly adelgid, which is very obvious, take the extra time to closely inspect the undersides of the needles for this scale.  Fiorinia scale is very small, brown and mostly oval in shape.  Many of these may be present per needle (on the underside only).  In some cases, it will be the primary reason that a hemlock looks to be in ill-health.  Imidicloprid, which works pretty well systemically for hemlock woolly adelgid does not have much of an impact on this scale.  Horticultural oil sprays, which also work well on hemlock woolly adelgid tends to provide minimal control for this scale.  Safari™ (dinotefuran), a relatively new neonicotinoid, does show good promise for fiorinia scale and works well when utilized as a systemic.  However, in Massachusetts, it has a “State Restricted Use” labeling due to groundwater concerns.  Fiorinia scale is difficult to control.  Unlike most armored scales in the Northeast, it produces crawlers throughout much of the growing season.  If found, treat it aggressively.  Fiorinia scale is a very serious pest of hemlock and can occur on conifers other than hemlock.
  
  
• Tuliptree Scale - Inspect the small branches of tuliptree and magnolia for the presence of this pest.  The adult females may still be on the foliage feeding and will be rather flattened and translucent.  Once they move to the stems to produce eggs, the covering over the female body rises up into a “gumdrop” shape and darkens.  This is one of the soft scales that can be a challenge to manage.  In large numbers it produces much honeydew and can weaken branches to the point of severely stunting growth.  It usually attacks tuliptree from the bottom branches and moves upward over the years, often killing those branches.  In MA it can also be found on magnolia.  There is a remarkably similar scale known as Magnolia Scale, but it will not be found on landscape magnolia in MA due to the severity of our winters.  Crawlers can be treated with horticultural oil sprays.  Systemic imidacloprid or systemic dinotefuran can be effective. 
  

Wood Attackers:

• Asian Longhorned Beetle has been positively found in the northeastern section of Worcester, MA in an established population.  The current 'Regulation Area' is approximately 16 square miles and extends towards the towns of Holden, West Boylston, and Shrewsbury.  For current information or to report a new find, contact the following:
  
  

  • Massachusetts Department of Agricultural Resources (MDAR)

    Report ALB sightings at: http://www.massnrc.org/pests/albreport.aspx or call 617–626–1779 (Pest Alert Hotline)

  • City of Worcester: Office of the City Manager

    Visit http://www.ci.worcester.ma.us/cmo/beetles.htm or call 508–929–1300

  • UMass Extension

    Stay tuned to this web site, http://www.umassgreeninfo.org
    

• Bronze Birch Borer − The adults of this pest are still emerging and will continue to emerge and be active into September.  This pest kills trees, but it can only survive in previously weakened trees.  Keep trees healthy to avoid attack.  Drought stressed trees are candidates for attack as are old trees or those growing in compacted soils.  Treatments become a challenge once infestation occurs.  Some arborists do not like to prune birches from June into September to avoid releasing plant volatiles that may attract beetles.  However, if the tree is healthy, then there should be little concern for colonization by this insect. 
  
  
• Dogwood Borer − This clear-winged moth remains active and is seeking wounded dogwood trees from now until late August.  The females deposit eggs near bark crevices, such as branch collars, and around wounds.  The wood-boring caterpillar of this species tunnels into the cambium and later into the older wood.  Signs of an infestation now will be sap exudation on the trunk and scaffold branches.  Avoid wounding dogwood trunks with mowers and line trimmers.  Pheromone traps are available to monitor for the adult moths.  This caterpillar pushes out the sawdust as it tunnels thus leaving its tunnels open, unlike most wood borers.  Nematode products sprayed on the trunk are extremely effective for new infestations. 
  
  
• Rhododendron Borer − This is another clear-winged moth species like that of the dogwood borer.  It attacks rhododendrons randomly, and infestations are often not noticed until a shoot wilts and dies.  Inspect the base of rhododendron shoots for entrance/exit holes and the presence of sawdust piled on the ground.  Prune out and destroy affected shoots or apply a coarse spray of beneficial nematodes to the base of the affected shoots. 
  
  
• Dogwood Twig Borer (a.k.a. Elm Twig Girdler) − This cerambycid beetle (longhorned beetle) attacks flowering dogwood primarily but can also be found attacking elm, viburnum, and various fruit trees.  The larvae tunnel in the smaller branches; ultimately, the branches are killed.  Usually the borer is not found congregated in large numbers, and individual branches can be pruned out and destroyed.

Other Stuff:

• Periodical Cicada − This year’s emergence was very large in Mashpee, Falmouth, Sandwich, Bourne, and other surrounding towns.  Right now, many of the deciduous trees in those areas, especially the oaks, are displaying countless dead and browned shoots from the cicada egg-laying activity.  In reality, the only dead part of the tree is the distal two feet of most branches, which gives the tree an overall dead appearance.  However, the branches and foliage from the dead tissue to the trunk is still healthy.  Trees may look terrible, but this is a form of natural pruning that these trees receive every 17 years.  Previously healthy trees should survive.  Smaller trees that lost most of their foliage will be rather stressed from this egg-laying injury.  Affected trees may require regular watering if drought conditions prevail.  Trees that were previously stressed by caterpillar defoliation and/or drought may now be in serious trouble if much cicada egg-laying occurred on these plants.  Monitor for high levels of stress and pamper such trees as much as possible; water being the best overall treatment during times of drought.

Reported by Robert Childs, Entomologist, UMass Extension Landscape, Nursery and Urban Forestry Program, Amherst

WEEDS -

The cool and wet weather has resulted in some winter annual weeds starting to germinate in landscape beds.  Treat these weeds early before they become too large.

Japanese knotweed is beginning to flower now; therefore, it is time to treat.  Use glyphosate 41% at a 2% spray solution sprayed to the initiation of drip.  Do not use combinations that contain diquat (Reward™) or tank-mix Scythe™ with the glyphosate.

Scout for areas where thunderstorm downpours may have washed bark mulch away and created openings for weeds to grow.

Reported by Randall Prostak, Weed Specialist, UMass Extension Landscape, Nursery and Urban Forestry Program, Amherst.

LANDSCAPE TURF

INSECTS -

Biological Control for Purple Loosestrife − As most of you know, purple loosestrife is an invasive plant species that has colonized many wetland areas throughout the Northeast over the past several years.  It is a very pretty purple that quickly takes over an area.  While it is pretty, it is invasive; and it has forced out many native wetland plants in some areas. 

Recently scientists have discovered some insects that feed on loosestrife and have released these insects in field settings with very good success.  Based on a quick web search, it appears that the most common biological control approach for purple loosestrife is one of two Chrysomelid beetles, Galerucella calmariensis or Galerucella pusilla.  They have become established in more than 30 states and eight provinces where loosestrife is a problem.

A couple of superintendents have asked me about purple loosestrife recently.  The questions that were put to me were, "Where do these insects overwinter?" and "How can I be sure not to interfere with the insects?" 

Reported by Pat Vittum, Extension Entomologist, UMass Department of Plant, Soil and Insect Sciences, Amherst.

WEEDS -

Crabgrass is very large at this point and postemergence applications should be considered to be “rescue” in nature and limited to quinclorac (Drive™) or quinclorac combinations.

By mid August in most seasons, broadleaf herbicide applications should be in a hiatus due to hot weather and drought stress on both turf and target weeds with applications being confined to irrigated sites where summer annual broadleaf weeds such as carpetweed and spotted spurge are the target species.  This season broadleaf application can continue to be made as long as we continue to receive rainfall and turf is not drought stressed.  The additions of surfactant or spreader/stickers to broadleaf herbicide combination products can result in severe injury.  Read and follow the product label.

Paspalum, Paspalum setaceum, can be seen in turf now and is often incorrectly identified as crabgrass.  This species is wrongly called dallisgrass.  MSMA can be used for control with two applications two to three weeks apart usually being needed.

Reported by Randall Prostak, Weed Specialist, UMass Extension Landscape, Nursery and Urban Forestry Program, Amherst.

DIAGNOSTIC SERVICES

UMass Laboratory Diagnoses Turf and Landscape Problems - Accurate diagnosis for a turf or landscape problem can often eliminate or reduce the need for pesticide use. The UMass Extension Plant Diagnostic Lab is available to serve commercial landscape contractors, turf managers, arborists, nurseries and other green industry professionals. It provides woody plant and turf disease analysis, woody plant and turf insect identification, turfgrass identification, weed identification, and offers a report of pest management strategies that are research based, economically sound and environmentally appropriate for the situation. Send specimens and payment (payable to the University of Massachusetts) to UMass Extension Plant Diagnostic Lab, Holdsworth Natural Resources Center, 160 Holdsworth Way, UMass, Amherst, MA 01003. The fee for a woody plant disease analysis is $50; the fee for turf disease analysis or nematode assay is $75. All insect, weed and turfgrass identification samples are $25 each. For more detailed submission instructions see http://www.umass.edu/agland/diagnostics

Soil and Plant Tissue Testing - The University of Massachusetts Soil and Plant Tissue Testing Laboratory is located on the campus of The University of Massachusetts at Amherst. Testing services are available to all. The function of the Soil and Plant Tissue Testing Laboratory is to provide test results and recommendations that lead to the wise and economical use of soils and soil amendments. For complete information, visit the UMass Soil and Plant tissue Testing Laboratory web site at: http://www.umass.edu/plsoils/soiltest Alternatively, call the lab at (413) 545-2311.

NEXT UPDATE: The next issue will be available on September 4, 2008.

This message is produced by the UMASS Extension, Landscape, Nursery and Urban Forestry Program. The copy is prepared by Anna Greene from data and reports provided by the staff and faculty of the UMass Landscape, Nursery and Urban Forestry Program and the UMASS Extension Turf Program as well as cooperating horticulturists and Green Industry professionals. The text is adapted for access via the Internet by Jason Lanier.

DISCLAIMER. This message is intended for commercial use. UMass Extension assumes no liability for recommendations. It is the responsibility of the applicator to verify the registration status of any pesticide BEFORE applying it. Different states have different regulations as well. The use of trade names (™) does not imply endorsement. Similarly, there may be other products you prefer to use.

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