Landscape Message - Landscape Nursey and Urban Forestry

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The LANDSCAPE MESSAGE is an educational newsletter intended to guide landscape, nursery and urban forestry professionals in identifying pests in the landscape, monitoring their development, planning management strategies and creating site-specific records for future management reference.

UMass Extension has updated this issue to provide timely pest management information and the latest regional news and environmental data throughout Massachusetts. During the month of June, this newsletter will be published weekly. The next update will be available on or about June 5, 2009.

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Interested in additional turf-oriented content? UMass Extension Turf Program Management Updates

2009 GROWING DEGREE DAYS

Soil Temp
(°F at 4" depth)

Precipitation
(1-Week Gain)

Total accumulation for 2009

n/a = information not available

* = no activity to report/information not available

Winter Moth larvae remain very active, but feeding will cease very soon, perhaps by later this week. The numbers of winter moth caterpillars has increased markedly since a year ago in coastal MA. The defoliation damage from this insect is now very prevalent. This pest can now be managed with a product that contains spinosad or with a registered pyrethroid product.

Eastern Tent Caterpillar caterpillars are active but in extremely low numbers in MA this year. If necessary, treat the same as winter moth

Gypsy Moth is active but in extremely low numbers in MA this year. If necessary, treat the same as winter moth.

Forest tent caterpillar remains active but limited in numbers in MA. If occurring in large numbers, treat with a product that contains spinosad or with one of the registered pyrethroid insecticides.

Euonymus caterpillar is active. Inspect euonymus for the yellow, hairless caterpillars with black spots. As they grow, they produce much silk throughout the plant. Heavy populations can cause much damage. If necessary, treat with a product that contains spinosad or with a registered pyrethroid insecticide.

European pine sawfly caterpillars are active. Inspect host foliage (primarily mugo pine) for the yellow, blocky patches, which are the eggs embedded within the needles or look for the tiny dark-colored larvae clustered at the needle tips. In most regions of the state, the caterpillars are now active. This pest feeds voraciously and grows rapidly. Needles will be consumed down to the stems. Needles with eggs or stems with larvae can be pruned away and destroyed when this pest occurs in limited numbers. Otherwise, treat the larvae with a product that contains spinosad or use one of the registered pyrethroid insecticides. Very small larvae can be treated with insecticidal soap effectively.

Azalea Sawfly caterpillar remains active and is creating damage to deciduous azaleas, especially Exbury varieties. Pupation has already begun in the warmer regions of the state (Amherst area). Treat with a product that contains spinosad or with one of the registered pyrethroid insecticides. This pest is only active for a few weeks but is capable of defoliating entire shrubs.

Roseslug caterpillar may be active soon. Inspect rose foliage for these small pale green sawfly larvae. They usually sit on the upper leaf surface and scrape away small areas of foliage at a time thus creating a ‘window-pane’ effect. Heavy populations are capable of causing the death of foliage from their severe feeding. If found in significant numbers, treat with an insecticidal soap spray or treat with a product that contains spinosad.

Maple Petiole Borer may be active soon, if not already. Individual (and healthy) mature sugar maples will suddenly drop as many as a couple hundred green leaves. Close inspection will reveal that approximately half of the petiole is missing. This is a result of a unique sawfly caterpillar which mines the petioles. Collecting the fallen leaves does nothing to manage this insect; the larva remains within the part of the petiole that is still attached to the tree. Within 2-3 weeks, those petiole remnants will drop un-noticed to the ground, and the larvae will pupate until it emerges next year. This insect does not require treatment, but it certainly raises concerns when so many leaves fall from the tree. However, individual trees have tens of thousands more leaves, and this loss is extremely minor for the health of the tree.

Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (HWA) remains active. HWA can be managed with oil sprays at the summer rate if the weather conditions are conducive for its application without harming plants (avoid tender new growth or conditions that delay drying time) or with systemic applications of imidacloprid. This insect will be quite active from now until approximately mid July.

Viburnum Leaf Beetle was found in MA during the 2008 growing season in several different counties. It was known to be established in Berkshire county for the past 3 years but has now been identified in Franklin, Bristol, Middlesex, and northern Worcester County. Many of the finds suggest strongly that this serious pest is being moved on nursery plants throughout the Northeast. Larvae are now actively feeding. Much damage can occur, especially from the larvae. In the warmer regions, much damage has already occurred from the larvae. For more details and preferred viburnum host species, visit: http://www.hort.cornell.edu/vlb Spinosad products work well for the larvae. Inspect viburnum foliage now for defoliation injury and then inspect the undersides for the actual larvae. If found, treat with a product that contains spinosad.

Lily Leaf Beetle adults are very active, feeding on foliage of Asiatic lilies and mating. Eggs have been laid and are hatching. Monitor for the bright red beetles and also for the eggs on the undersides of the foliage. Inspect the leaves for fine tan-colored, irregular-shaped lines about one inch long. On closer examination, these tan lines will be a row of eggs. Just before hatching, these eggs turn a bright red color. When eggs are found, they can be removed and destroyed. Use pyrethroids for the adult beetles. After, when the larvae appear, a product containing spinosad works very well. Lily leaf beetle has now been reported as being prevalent in Berkshire County (MA).

Asian Longhorned Beetle (ALB) was found in Worcester, MA last August. The Regulated Area is now at 64 square miles. Approximately 22,000 trees have been removed and rendered into wood chips since January 2009. It is estimated that this population may have been in Worcester for at least 15 years. Survey work has renewed within the Regulated Area and it is already known that many more trees are infested. Everyone must be on the lookout for this pest and report any potential finds immediately if eradication efforts are to be successful. Also, take great care when moving firewood to avoid moving this very serious killer of forest and landscape hardwood trees.

To report a potential ALB find: http://massnrc.org/pests/alb
To see “How to Recognize ALB” slide presentation: recognize_alb_ppt.pdf

White-spotted Pine Sawyer beetle (WSPS) is now very active. This longhorned beetle is native and not considered to be a pest. (It attacks only already weak and dying pine trees). However, it strongly resembles the Asian Longhorned Beetle (ALB). The WSPS does not have a shiny jet-black color with crisp white spots as does the ALB. The WSPS also has one obvious white spot that is very distinctive; it is found directly behind the head between where the wing covers (elytra) attach to the body. To view comparisons between the two species, see our “How to Recognize ALB” slide presentation: recognize_alb_ppt.pdf

Inkberry Leafminer overwinters as a larva within the foliage of inkberry. The characteristic brown leaf tips usually do not appear until January and, thus, get missed by many. Hold browned leaves up to the light to see if the leaf has been mined or cut into the browned area in search of the larva. If numerous mines are found, hang yellow sticky cards on the affected plants as a monitoring tool. Once the adult flies appear, treat with a pyrethroid insecticide to kill the adults and to limit the incidence of re-infestation of the same plants. Foliage without mines but possessing browned tips may have experienced some winter injury.

Native Holly Leafminer - Monitor American holly now for signs of mining by this pest. The larvae have overwintered within the mines and will begin pupation soon, if not already. By early to mid June, place a yellow sticky card in infested trees to lure the adult female flies. As cards begin to fill up with these flies, apply a knockdown spray such as one of the registered pyrethroid insecticides to prevent re-infestation.

Cottony Taxus Scale (a.k.a. Cottony Camellia Scale) - Inspect for sooty mold and white cottony egg sacs on the undersides of foliage. Host plants include certain hollies, Taxus, and others. Treat with a horticultural oil spray if proper plant phenology and weather conditions prevail.

Azalea Bark Scale - Monitor azaleas now for sooty mold, white cottony masses on stems or in the crotches of twigs, and the pink crawlers. Heavy infestations can have a severe effect on plant growth and aesthetics. If necessary, treat with soil-applied imidacloprid.

Fiorinia Scale (a.k.a. Elongate Hemlock Scale) has become more prevalent in MA in recent years. Inspect the undersides of hemlock needles for the tiny, yet, often numerous scales. Stressed trees (those affected by compacted soils, drought, hardscape, etc.) tend to succumb sooner to this pest. Fiorinia scale produces crawlers throughout much of the growing season and is, therefore, difficult to manage. Oil sprays may help but usually require follow-up treatments. Systemic dinotefuran (Safari™) has been showing much promise for armored (hard) scales recently. However, it is a restricted use compound in MA.

Pine Needle Scale - Monitor pines (mostly mugo) now for the presence of this white-colored scale on the needles. Heavy infestations will give branches the appearance of being covered with snow, from a distance. Crawlers will be active soon. Apply a spray of horticultural oil at the summer rate when crawlers appear. Crawlers are tiny and pale yellow. Monitor visually or use black electrical tape (wrapped sticky side out around a couple of fingers) and lightly daub the needles; inspect tape for yellow crawlers.

Nantucket Pine Tip Moth is beginning to be picked up in pheromone traps. Scots, mugo, and pitch pine are susceptible hosts, primarily in the coastal regions of MA. This pest prefers plants in sunny locations. Infestations do not generally kill plants, but it can severely kill terminal portions of branches, which turn a rusty brown color. This natural pruning usually results in a much bushier plant the following year. However, when the dead shoots remain on the host, the aesthetics are greatly compromised. Treat the adult moths and new larvae with a registered pyrethroid insecticide. Prune out and destroy infested shoots. There is more than one generation per year with the second (and possibly third) usually being the heaviest.

Reported by Robert Childs, Entomologist, Plant, Soil and Insect Sciences Department, UMass Extension, Amherst.

See our disease fact sheets section for many helpful fact sheets on disease problems of trees and shrubs.

Now that new needles are developing it is time to consider protecting susceptible, high value spruce trees from Rhizosphaera needle cast. This disease is normally not severe enough to warrant fungicide protection. However, four (and now maybe a fifth) springs in a row of cool, wet weather, as immature needles are growing, resulted in an increase in this disease in landscapes and Christmas tree farms. Closely examine last year’s needles for evidence of Rhizosphaera needle cast infection to determine if the spruce is particularly susceptible. On susceptible trees considerable numbers of needles from the last several years are missing (cast off). In addition, those still attached often have numerous stomata on their needles blackened by the Rhizosphaera fruiting structures that are releasing spores at this time of the year. Fungicides act to protect immature needles from becoming infected. Where management is desirable, apply 2-3 treatments at 7-14 day intervals beginning now.

Flowering dogwoods susceptible to dogwood anthracnose are vulnerable to infection during wet springs when immature leaves are developing. Apply fungicide to protect developing leaves on high value trees, as the buds break open, again when flowering bracts have fallen, and ~4 weeks later. If this is a persistent problem, consider planting one of the many resistant cultivars of flowering dogwood, Kousa dogwood, and their disease resistant crosses now available.

Apply fungicides to protect emerging leaves on susceptible apple and crabapple from apple scab , as flower buds turn pink, again around petal fall; and assuming wet conditions linger, repeat them 1-2 additional times at 7-10 day intervals. This is turning out to be a high “disease pressure” season for apple scab. In addition, prune the trees to increase air circulation and sunlight penetration that speeds drying of foliage as well as improving spray coverage. There are numerous beautiful, disease resistant varieties of apple, crabapple, and mountain ash to grow and simplify apple scab disease management.

During dry weather remove and destroy infected foliage to reduce juniper blight inoculum. Make the cut an inch or so below the boundary between dead and healthy tissue. Begin fungicide control of juniper blight caused by Phomopsis juniperovora as new growth emerges. Repeat applications if wetness persists. If the problem persists, consider gradually replacing problem junipers with disease-resistant shrubs better adapted to the site.

Maximize the effectiveness of fungicide treatments in the management of black spot on rose by initiating them now as buds swell and repeat applications per label directions into the fall. Provide good air circulation and irrigate early in the day so foliage dries quickly in afternoon to minimize the period of plant wetness to further suppress black spot infections. If the problem persists, gradually replace susceptible varieties of roses with those resistant to black spot (as well as powdery mildew) to reduce infections and buildup of inoculum, as well as the need for fungicide treatments.

Gymnosporangium rust infections seldom cause serious damage to host plants, but their brilliant colors bring attention to them when the rust fungus infects the foliage. If desired, begin fungicide sprays at this time to protect leaves, green shoots, and fruit of apple and crabapple as well as serviceberry, hawthorn, mountain ash, quince, floweringquince, and pear from infections. The fruiting structures are now beginning to appear on the alternate hosts of eastern red cedar (really a juniper) and Rocky mountain juniper, as well as the occasional Chinese, common, creeping, and savin juniper. Specifically, cedar-apple rust galls are visible on eastern red cedar as eruptions of orange, gelatinous masses protruding from pea- to golf ball-sized galls. These fruiting structures release spores that infect apple and crab apple leaves at this time of the year during cool, rainy periods. Likewise, fruiting structures of quince rust are visible as red-orange “cracks” in the bark and small gelatinous masses on the foliage of infected branches on several of these junipers.

Ramorum blight, also known as sudden oak death (SOD) and ramorum dieback: The Phytophthora ramorum detection, quarantine, and eradication survey completed its seventh year as a United States Department of Agriculture-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service-Plant Protection and Quarantine (USDA-APHIS-PPQ) regulatory program in 2008. The program began by monitoring nine counties in California along with part of Curry County in Oregon. It focused on regulating movement of risk articles such as wood, soil, foliage, and nursery stock. Infested areas grew to 14 California counties and the larger part of Curry County in Oregon, which Oregon aggressively surveyed and treated since 2001. Discovery of a shipment of P. ramorum-infected Camellia plants from a large production nursery to many garden centers and retail nurseries nationwide resulted in the USDA-APHIS-PPQ regulatory program receiving a great deal of scrutiny and policy revision in 2004. As a result, in January 2005 USDA-APHIS-PPQ extended the regulation of nursery stock to the entire states of California, Oregon, and Washington. Through ongoing surveys of nurseries, USDA-APHIS-PPQ continues to define the extent of the pathogen’s distribution in the U. S. and limit its artificial spread beyond infected areas through quarantine and a public education program.

Status of Phytophthora ramorum in 2009:

Note: There were no updates for 2009 reported by USDA-APHIS-PPQ at this time. See earlier 2009 editions of the Landscape Message for a summary of the 2008 program.

Federal Regulation, State Inspection, Nursery Survey, and Other Finds. There was no report this month.

Forest Detection Survey. There was no report this month.

Reported by Dan Gillman, Plant Pathologist, UMass Extension Plant Diagnostic Lab, Amherst.

New growth expansion of poison ivy continues. It is still a little early to treat; wait until the end of June.

Japanese knotweed (Polygonum cuspidatum), continues to put on top growth and, in some locations, might be 6 or 7 feet tall at this point. Do not attempt to control this weed at this time as herbicide applications are not effective. Repeat cutting or mowing can be use as a non-chemical strategy; and if that is the control strategy selected, then cutting and mowing should begin now. Repeat cutting or mowing should be done as regrowth reaches 8– 2 inches. Diligence will be required!! Cutting Japanese knotweed to the ground now will make it easier to apply an herbicide later in the season.

Treat garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) now. now. Applications at this time of year will control second year plants before they go to seed as well as first year seedlings.

For a complete listing of upcoming events, see our Conferences and Workshops page.

Don't forget to visit the UMass Extension Online Weed Herbarium!

2008-2009 Professional Management Guide for Insects, Diseases and Weeds of Trees and Shrubs in New England - Pesticide label registration changes every year in all states and you can only legally apply pesticides according to the current year's label. This updated 2008-09 guide tells you what is current and legal for use in all the New England states and is the way for you to stay current with pesticide information. If you already have the 2003 version, this is the updated supplement for pesticide information. Remember, if you're a pesticide applicator, it's the law! Created by UMass Extension professionals, this manual offers the latest on virtually all the insects, diseases, and weeds of woody plants in New England; current and legal listings of chemical compounds labeled for the management of these pests; Integrated Pest Management (IPM) considerations for most of these pests; environmentally friendly alternatives in pest management such as horticultural oils, soaps, biologicals, etc.; and Growing Degree Day (GDD) information for most of the insect pests of woody plants. Click here to order online from the UMass Extension Bookstore or contact (413) 545-0895; eweeks@umext.umass.edu for information.

Planting and Maintaining Sustainable Landscapes: A Guide for Public Officials and the Green Industry - An updated and reprinted collection of fact sheets, including Trees and Shrubs for Low Maintenance Landscapes; Recommendations for Planting and Maintaining Trees and Shrubs; Integrated Pest Management and Plant Health Care; Streetscape Design and Planting; Selecting Turfgrasses for Low Maintenance Sites; Turf Pesticides and the Environment; Children's Protection Act and School IPM Plans; and Guidelines for Planting within the 100 Foot Wetland Buffer. Click here to order online from the UMass Extension Bookstore or contact (413) 545-0895; eweeks@umext.umass.edu for information.

UMass Extension Landscape Message #13
May 29, 2009

DIAGNOSTIC SERVICES

UMass Extension Landscape Message #13 May 29, 2009

DIAGNOSTIC SERVICES

UMass Extension Landscape Message #13
May 29, 2009